Preparation of Artificial Red Blood Cells (Hemoglobin Vesicles) Using the Rotation–Revolution Mixer for High Encapsulation Efficiency

Hemoglobin vesicles (Hb-V) are artificial red blood cells encapsulating highly concentrated hemoglobin (Hb) in liposomes comprising phospholipids, cholesterol, negatively charged lipids, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated phospholipids. Safety efficacy of Hb-V as a transfusion alternative have been extensively studied. For this study, we prepared using the kneading method with rotation-revolution mixer an to conventional extrusion method. We optimized operation parameters obtain high yield. Results show that Hb encapsulation efficiency was increased dramatically up 74.2%, which is higher than (20%) because enabled mixing carbonylhemoglobin (HbCO) solution (40 g/dL) considerably large amount powdered lipids only 10 min. The viscosity Hb-lipid mixture paste (ca. 103-105 cP) favorably induces frictional heat by increases temperature 60 °C), facilitates lipid dispersion liposome formation. During thermostable HbCO solution, denaturation prevented. showed no marked changes particle sizes, denaturation, or leakage from during two years long-term storage-stability tests. Collectively, these results demonstrate shows good potential new produce Hb-V.